This research paper explores the intricate balances of cohesive and adhesive forces within dry powder inhaler dDPI) formulations. It elucidates the novel use of Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) to directly quantify these balances, providing valuable insights into the development of effective inhaler formulations.

The paper discusses the role of engineered crystal substrates in providing suitable surfaces for quantitative analysis of force balance in model dry powder formulations. It further explores interaction force measurements between various substances, including budesonide, lactose, and salbutamol sulfate colloid probes, and engineered substrate surfaces.

The concept of Cohesive-Adhesive Balance (CAB) and its dependency between different interaction combinations is also explored. The challenges and limitations in quantifying force measurements are highlighted, with a solution proposed by comparing the ratios of adhesive and cohesive balances rather than the separation forces.